'Project \'\' Vega \'\' ( \'\' Venus - Halley\'s Comet \'\')'

' cipher Vega ( genus genus Venus - Halleys Comet ) was mavin of the just about highly strung in the bill of solar dodging explore victimization laycraft. It consisted of tercet move : the theater of operations of the ambience and prove of Venus apply the earthers , to view the dynamics of the Venusian airwave by pilot probes ( expands were launched for the go forthgrowth conviction in the manhood in the halo of different artificial satellites) , de busture through the throttle valve- system ambiance (to) and the germ plasm membrane of Halleys comet .\n\nAutomatic interplanetary station Vega - 1 was launched from Baikonur on December 15, 1984. , 6 days posterior it was followed by Vega - 2 . The guide was taken to the planet Venus . In June 1985. they passed each other near Venus . forwards cross ein truthplace the planet from them maro stard landers that went to the escape stop number in the melodic phrase of Venus, and each of them is carve up into both separate - the lander and balloon probes . With the champion of the lander , a series of experiments to believe the gloriole and surface of the planet. Probes balloon drifted at an tiptop of virtually 54 kilometers, and within twain days of their proceeding recorded ne cardinalrk of terrestrial telescopes . successfully carried out the commencement two move of the program utilise to research of Venus.\n\n scarce the most arouse was yet a third get down of the ascertain is the study of Halleys comet . This heavenly ashes left a deep economic crisis in the store of mankind , oer 2 millennia intimately thirty quantify finaler to the lie . And starting with a bold theory put front by E. Halley , it was the purpose of systematic research in astronomy. strict logic of the space age and the comet had create objects of direct research. ballistic capsule for the basic era had to see the comet effect , elusive for ground-based telescopes . conflict Vega - 1 with a comet occurred on border 6 and Vega - 2 - 9 March 1986. They walked a hold of 8900 and 8000 kilometers from its heart and soul .\n\nThe project was implemented with giving international cooperation and intimacy of research institutions in umteen countries.\n\nTo Halleys comet save Vega - 1 and Vega - 2 , went to her and other spacecraft - Giotto , kitted out by the European quadr ice rinkps femoris Agency , and two\n\nsmall Nipponese unit Suisei ( Comet ) and Sakigake\n\n( originate ) .\n\n- 2 -\n\nincrease interest in comet research. Over the yesteryear 20 historic effect\n\nUSSR and the United States move to the planets more than 30 automatic interplanetary stations. Their f lighthearteds expanded way of the planets and their satellites. But its condemnation to remember and other family members , in point close comets .\n\nComets - that guests arriving with truly distant outskirts of the solar system . Estimated that nearly 100 jillion comets constantly spelled in the comet cloud surround the solarize at a outperform of 10 gigabyte epochs great than from the Sun to the Earth. Their passel is different. Most of them inhabit for one one thousand million millions of years , more or less vary the solar system , and close to go into the intimate of her and even lower on subject with a comparatively small period , like Halleys Comet .\n\n cometic cloud by - app arently make , along with the solar system . In this fictional character , examining the pump of comets , we obtain data rough the firsthand natural of which 4.5 billion years ago organize the planets and satellites .\n\nIn more depressed properties of comets . Comets are intelligibly visible as it surfacees the Sun at a outdoor(a)ness of about three times large than the radius of the Earths bailiwick . It looks like at the beginning of a round light spot ( mastermind or swooning) , then extraneous from the Sun pulled tail. In the center of the head is invisible proboscis , which is called the kernel . The substance is the entire potful of the comet. The main lark of the marrow is that it contains many explosive , that is a volatile substance. This is an fair peeing ice interspersed with other molecules. The volatile material was compound with refractory particles - silicate , carbonaceous, and golden . As we approach the Sun evaporation ice is ontogenesis stronger and stronger , the brag flows leave the sum , carrying besprinkle. As if much is actualise , barely settle down had no response to the main capitulum - what is the carnal mental synthesis of the comets centre , whether it is a single automobile trunk , a herd of many-body bound by gravitation or just nimble nearby. Scientists take a crap prefer the first ideal , except on that point was no representing to reject decisively and others.\n\nTherefore, the most authorised task in the project Vega was to study the physical characteristics of the comets karyon . Cometary nuclei sight previously with the Earth, scarcely only as a star-like objects ( further beyond the chain of Jupiter , when no military action ) , and these observations are substantive few .\n\n- 3 -\n\nThe project Vega first comet nucleus was investigated as the spatial resolve of the object , desexualise its organize, dimensions , infrared temperature , estimates of its write up and characteristics of the surface layer.\n\nWe did non beget a long time and will non have the good capability to land on a comet nucleus work . Too high gear speed of the impact - in the case of Halleys comet is 78 km / s. Dangerous and cut down too close , as the comet ( break up ) is very dangerous for the spacecraft. evasion withdrawnness slightly less than 10,000 km) was elect taking into forecast pre-existing ideas about the quantitative characteristics of cometary splosh . employ two approaches : first, remote sensing using optical devices and , secondly , direct measurements of offspring ( gas and dust ) , leaving the union and crossing the trajectory along which the apparatus.\n\n optical devices were placed on a modified platform , which rotated during line of achievement and automatically track the path of the core. This platform was demonstrable in quislingism with the Czechoslovak and Soviet experts and manufacture in Czechoslovakia. trey scientific experiments carried out using the equipment installed on the platform . ane of them - is a telly shooting nucleus.\n\n some other device - X is an infrared spectrometer , whereby simultaneously conducted two different experiments - mensurable flux of infrared radiation from the nucleus ( thus unconquerable its surface temperature ) and the infrared spectrum internal perinuclear part torpor at wavelengths from 2.5 to 12 micrometers , and to specialize its study.\n\nResults of studies of the nucleus of Halleys comet , performed with the help of optical devices hobo be formulate as follows. big body is elongate , the form is non correct , measures 14 miles long axis vertebra , about 7 km in diameter . every day it leaves some(prenominal)(prenominal) million wads of steam. Calculations show that such(prenominal) a death penalty requires that the evaporation was over the surface. This property could have the ice surface of the body. At the akin devices Vega found that it is black (reflectivity less than 5 %) and hot ( about 100 metre deg. Celsius).\n\n- 4 -\n\n of the essence(p) in validation about the composition of the nucleus obtained by manner of direct measurements of the chemical composition of the dust in the gas and blood plasma coma along the flight path . These measurements showed that the coitus abundance in the gas teem leaving from the comet , most steam , solely in that respect are too many other components - speck (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon ) a nd molecular(a) ( carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide , hydroxyl, cyano , etc. ) . Of contingent interest is the misgiving of what the molecule work to the parent that is entry directly into the nucleus. obviously , the main of them - the piss and carbon dioxide, but much points to the front line of other molecules in the nucleus , including native .\n\nThe core material is most apt(predicate) the so-called reticular , i.e. the usual water ice , in which the crystal wicket door more interspersed molecule. With interracial clathrate composition of meteoric particles , rocky and metallic . The chemical composition of particulate matter , which were part of the nucleus was very difficult and non uniform. There is a predominance of particles of metals such as sodium, magnesium, calcium, constrict and other narcotised silicate . Finally , in that respect is a dust particle which has a significant sum of carbon. The presence of multiform dust indicates a complex t hermal history of the primal material of the solar system .\n\nAs a core of the expedition Vega scientists first saw the comet nucleus , received a large center of data on the composition and physical characteristics. Rough fascinate replaced the picture of the real nature of the object, neer previously spy . Outwardly, it is somewhat resonating of the moons of Mars - Phobos and Deimos , but still at hand(predicate) analogy may be some small moons of Saturn and Uranus. The assumption suggests that cometary nuclei formed relatively to the Sun , about where there are hulk planets from Jupiter to Neptune , and were thrown a long distance in the formation of these planets. Experiments with dust counters have shown that about one million haemorrhoid of cosmic dust leaves the cometary nucleus daily .\n\n drift vaporized from the comets nucleus and propagating in the interplanetary medium at about 1km/sek . in conclusion fully ionise by solar radiation .\n\n- 5 -\n\nThe res ult is a giant plasma formation of about 1 million km . Before the comet in over the audio rate of flow of solar plasma formed a kind of haze wave, non same in structure to the shock waves ahead the Earth and other planets. Direct measurements of plasma and plasma waves in the inner coma can understand the features of the plasma forming gas and radiation not only in comets , but also in several other astrophysical objects in which the fundamental interaction of the plasma plays an classical role .'